![]() In the last 20 years, research and observation have shown us that if there is relative movement between the eye, head, lighted object, and the light source, TLM can be visible even at high frequencies of 1000, 2000, 6000 Hz, or even higher. Drivers for these devices can deliver current through an infinite variety of time-based waveforms, varying in shape, modulation depth, duty cycle, and frequency. This has become a more serious consideration in the age of solid-state lighting (SSL) because LEDs and OLEDs are devices with little thermal or phosphor persistence, so there is a very rapid on or off response of the LED from the current delivered by the driver/dimmer electronics. ![]() More formally called temporal light modulation (TLM), it is defined as rapid variation in light source intensity, which can cause visual effects ranging from uncomfortable or distracting to harmful or (rarely) dangerous. Since 2009, DOE has conducted research on the visual phenomenon commonly known as flicker.
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